committed his teaching to writing because the kind of interplay of minds that is in teaching is not possible by means of writing. (3) Does the interiorization of media such as letters alter the ratio among our senses and change mental processes? * What concerned Cicero, the practical Roman, was that the Greeks had put difficulties in the way of his own program for the doctus orator. In chapters xv­xxiii of the third book of the De oratore, he offers a history of philosophy from the beginning to his own time, trying to explain how it came about that the professional philosophers had made a breach between eloquence and wisdom, between practical knowledge and knowledge which these men professed to follow for its own sake. Before Socrates, learning had been the preceptress of